SQL 选择

Drizzle 为你提供了最类似于 SQL 的方式从数据库获取数据,同时保持类型安全和可组合性。它原生支持几乎所有方言的所有查询特性和功能,对于尚未支持的功能,用户可以使用强大的 sql 运算符添加。

对于以下示例,假设你有一个如下所示定义的 users 表:

PostgreSQL
MySQL
SQLite
SingleStore
import { pgTable, serial, text } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core';

export const users = pgTable('users', {
  id: serial('id').primaryKey(),
  name: text('name').notNull(),
  age: integer('age'),
});

基本查询

从表中选择所有行(包括所有列):

const result = await db.select().from(users);
/*
  {
    id: number;
    name: string;
    age: number | null;
  }[]
*/
select "id", "name", "age" from "users";

请注意,结果类型是根据表定义自动推断的,包括列的可空性。

Drizzle 始终在 select 子句中明确列出列,而不是使用 select *.
。这在内部是必需的,以保证查询结果中字段的顺序,并且通常也被认为是一种良好做法。

部分选择

在某些情况下,你可能只想从表中选择一部分列。你可以通过向 .select() 方法提供一个选择对象来实现:

const result = await db.select({
  field1: users.id,
  field2: users.name,
}).from(users);

const { field1, field2 } = result[0];
select "id", "name" from "users";

与 SQL 类似,你可以使用任意表达式作为选择字段,而不仅仅是表列:

const result = await db.select({
  id: users.id,
  lowerName: sql<string>`lower(${users.name})`,
}).from(users);
select "id", lower("name") from "users";
IMPORTANT

指定 sql<string> 即表示你告知 Drizzle,该字段的预期类型为 string.
。如果你指定错误(例如,将 sql<number> 用于将返回为字符串的字段),则运行时值将与预期类型不匹配。Drizzle 无法基于提供的泛型执行任何类型转换,因为该信息在运行时不可用。

如果你需要对返回值进行运行时转换,你可以使用 .mapWith() 方法。

条件选择

你可以根据某些条件动态选择对象:

async function selectUsers(withName: boolean) {
  return db
    .select({
      id: users.id,
      ...(withName ? { name: users.name } : {}),
    })
    .from(users);
}

const users = await selectUsers(true);

Distinct select

你可以使用 .selectDistinct() 代替 .select() 从数据集中仅检索唯一行:

await db.selectDistinct().from(users).orderBy(usersTable.id, usersTable.name);

await db.selectDistinct({ id: users.id }).from(users).orderBy(usersTable.id);
select distinct "id", "name" from "users" order by "id", "name";

select distinct "id" from "users" order by "id";

在 PostgreSQL 中,你还可以使用 distinct on 子句来指定如何确定唯一行:

IMPORTANT

distinct on 子句仅在 PostgreSQL 中受支持。

await db.selectDistinctOn([users.id]).from(users).orderBy(users.id);
await db.selectDistinctOn([users.name], { name: users.name }).from(users).orderBy(users.name);
select distinct on ("id") "id", "name" from "users" order by "id";
select distinct on ("name") "name" from "users" order by "name";

高级查询

基于 TypeScript 的 Drizzle API 可让你以多种灵活的方式构建选择查询。

高级部分查询功能预览,获取更详细的高级使用示例 - 查看我们的 专用指南

example 1
example 2
example 3
example 4
import { getTableColumns, sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.select({
    ...getTableColumns(posts),
    titleLength: sql<number>`length(${posts.title})`,
  }).from(posts);

过滤器

你可以使用 .where() 方法中的 过滤运算符 过滤查询结果:

import { eq, lt, gte, ne } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.select().from(users).where(eq(users.id, 42));
await db.select().from(users).where(lt(users.id, 42));
await db.select().from(users).where(gte(users.id, 42));
await db.select().from(users).where(ne(users.id, 42));
...
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" = 42;
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" < 42;
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" >= 42;
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" <> 42;

所有过滤运算符均使用 sql 函数实现。你可以自己使用它来编写任意 SQL 过滤器,或构建你自己的运算符。为了获得灵感,你可以查看 Drizzle 提供的操作符是如何应用于 implemented 的。

import { sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

function equals42(col: Column) {
  return sql`${col} = 42`;
}

await db.select().from(users).where(sql`${users.id} < 42`);
await db.select().from(users).where(sql`${users.id} = 42`);
await db.select().from(users).where(equals42(users.id));
await db.select().from(users).where(sql`${users.id} >= 42`);
await db.select().from(users).where(sql`${users.id} <> 42`);
await db.select().from(users).where(sql`lower(${users.name}) = 'aaron'`);
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where 'id' < 42;
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where 'id' = 42;
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where 'id' = 42;
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where 'id' >= 42;
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where 'id' <> 42;
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where lower("name") = 'aaron';

提供给过滤运算符和 sql 函数的所有值都将自动参数化。例如,此查询:

await db.select().from(users).where(eq(users.id, 42));

将被翻译为:

select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" = $1; -- params: [42]

使用 not 运算符反转条件:

import { eq, not, sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.select().from(users).where(not(eq(users.id, 42)));
await db.select().from(users).where(sql`not ${users.id} = 42`);
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where not ("id" = 42);
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where not ("id" = 42);

你可以安全地更改架构、重命名表和列,由于模板插值,这些更改将自动反映在你的查询中,这与编写原始 SQL 时硬编码列名或表名不同。

组合过滤器

你可以将过滤器运算符与 and()or() 运算符逻辑组合:

import { eq, and, sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.select().from(users).where(
  and(
    eq(users.id, 42),
    eq(users.name, 'Dan')
  )
);
await db.select().from(users).where(sql`${users.id} = 42 and ${users.name} = 'Dan'`);
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" = 42 and "name" = 'Dan';
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" = 42 and "name" = 'Dan';
import { eq, or, sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.select().from(users).where(
  or(
    eq(users.id, 42), 
    eq(users.name, 'Dan')
  )
);
await db.select().from(users).where(sql`${users.id} = 42 or ${users.name} = 'Dan'`);
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" = 42 or "name" = 'Dan';
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" = 42 or "name" = 'Dan';

高级过滤器

结合 TypeScript,Drizzle API 为你提供了强大而灵活的方法来组合查询中的过滤器。

条件过滤功能预览,获取更详细的高级使用示例 - 查看我们的 专用指南

example 1
example 2
const searchPosts = async (term?: string) => {
  await db
    .select()
    .from(posts)
    .where(term ? ilike(posts.title, term) : undefined);
};
await searchPosts();
await searchPosts('AI');

限制与偏移

使用 .limit().offset() 向查询添加 limitoffset 子句 - 例如,要实现分页:

await db.select().from(users).limit(10);
await db.select().from(users).limit(10).offset(10);
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" limit 10;
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" limit 10 offset 10;

排序依据

使用 .orderBy() 向查询添加 order by 子句,并按指定字段对结果进行排序:

import { asc, desc } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.select().from(users).orderBy(users.name);
await db.select().from(users).orderBy(desc(users.name));

// order by multiple fields
await db.select().from(users).orderBy(users.name, users.name2);
await db.select().from(users).orderBy(asc(users.name), desc(users.name2));
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" order by "name";
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" order by "name" desc;

select "id", "name", "age" from "users" order by "name", "name2";
select "id", "name", "age" from "users" order by "name" asc, "name2" desc;

高级分页

基于 TypeScript 的 Drizzle API 可让你实现所有可能的 SQL 分页和排序方法。

高级分页功能预览,获取更详细的高级使用示例 - 请参阅我们专门的 limit offset 分页游标分页 指南。

example 1
example 2
example 3
example 4
await db
  .select()
  .from(users)
  .orderBy(asc(users.id)) // order by is mandatory
  .limit(4) // the number of rows to return
  .offset(4); // the number of rows to skip

WITH 子句

查看如何在 insertupdatedelete 中使用 WITH 语句

使用 with 子句可以帮助你简化复杂查询,方法是将查询拆分为称为通用表表达式 (CTE) 的较小子查询:

const sq = db.$with('sq').as(db.select().from(users).where(eq(users.id, 42)));

const result = await db.with(sq).select().from(sq);
with sq as (select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" = 42)
select "id", "name", "age" from sq;

你还可以在 with 中提供 insertupdatedelete 语句

const sq = db.$with('sq').as(
    db.insert(users).values({ name: 'John' }).returning(),
);

const result = await db.with(sq).select().from(sq);
with "sq" as (insert into "users" ("id", "name") values (default, 'John') returning "id", "name") 
select "id", "name" from "sq"
const sq = db.$with('sq').as(
    db.update(users).set({ age: 25 }).where(eq(users.name, 'John')).returning(),
);
const result = await db.with(sq).select().from(sq);
with "sq" as (update "users" set "age" = 25 where "users"."name" = 'John' returning "id", "name", "age") 
select "id", "name", "age" from "sq"
const sq = db.$with('sq').as(
  db.delete(users).where(eq(users.name, 'John')).returning(),
);

const result = await db.with(sq).select().from(sq);
with "sq" as (delete from "users" where "users"."name" = $1 returning "id", "name", "age") 
select "id", "name", "age" from "sq"

要选择任意 SQL 值作为 CTE 中的字段并在其他 CTE 或主查询中引用它们,你需要为它们添加别名:


const sq = db.$with('sq').as(db.select({ 
  name: sql<string>`upper(${users.name})`.as('name'),
})
.from(users));

const result = await db.with(sq).select({ name: sq.name }).from(sq);

如果你不提供别名,字段类型将变为 DrizzleTypeError,你将无法在其他查询中引用它。如果你忽略类型错误并仍然尝试使用该字段,则会收到运行时错误,因为没有别名就无法引用该字段。

从子查询中选择

与 SQL 类似,你可以使用子查询 API 将查询嵌入到其他查询中:

const sq = db.select().from(users).where(eq(users.id, 42)).as('sq');
const result = await db.select().from(sq);
select "id", "name", "age" from (select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" = 42) "sq";

子查询可用于任何可以使用表的地方,例如在连接中:

const sq = db.select().from(users).where(eq(users.id, 42)).as('sq');
const result = await db.select().from(users).leftJoin(sq, eq(users.id, sq.id));
select "users"."id", "users"."name", "users"."age", "sq"."id", "sq"."name", "sq"."age" from "users"
  left join (select "id", "name", "age" from "users" where "id" = 42) "sq"
    on "users"."id" = "sq"."id";

聚合

使用 Drizzle,你可以使用 sumcountavg 等函数进行聚合,并分别使用 .groupBy().having() 进行分组和过滤,就像在原始 SQL 中一样:

import { gt } from 'drizzle-orm';

await db.select({
  age: users.age,
  count: sql<number>`cast(count(${users.id}) as int)`,
})
  .from(users)
  .groupBy(users.age);

await db.select({
  age: users.age,
  count: sql<number>`cast(count(${users.id}) as int)`,
})
  .from(users)
  .groupBy(users.age)
  .having(({ count }) => gt(count, 1));
select "age", cast(count("id") as int)
  from "users"
  group by "age";

select "age", cast(count("id") as int)
  from "users"
  group by "age"
  having cast(count("id") as int) > 1;

cast(... as int) 是必需的,因为 count() 在 PostgreSQL 中返回 bigint,在 MySQL 中返回 decimal,而这些值被视为字符串值而不是数字。或者,你可以使用 .mapWith(Number) 在运行时将值转换为数字。

如果你需要计数聚合 - 我们推荐使用我们的 $count API

聚合助手

Drizzle 拥有一组封装的 sql 函数,因此你无需为应用中的常见情况编写 sql 模板。

请记住,聚合函数通常与 SELECT 语句的 GROUP BY 子句一起使用。因此,如果你在一个查询中使用聚合函数和其他列进行选择,请务必使用 .groupBy 子句。

count

返回 expression 中值的数量。

import { count } from 'drizzle-orm'

await db.select({ value: count() }).from(users);
await db.select({ value: count(users.id) }).from(users);
select count("*") from "users";
select count("id") from "users";
// It's equivalent to writing
await db.select({ 
  value: sql`count('*'))`.mapWith(Number) 
}).from(users);

await db.select({ 
  value: sql`count(${users.id})`.mapWith(Number) 
}).from(users);

countDistinct

返回 expression 中非重复值的数量。

import { countDistinct } from 'drizzle-orm'

await db.select({ value: countDistinct(users.id) }).from(users);
select count(distinct "id") from "users";
// It's equivalent to writing
await db.select({ 
  value: sql`count(${users.id})`.mapWith(Number) 
}).from(users);

avg

返回 expression 中所有非空值的平均值(算术平均值)。

import { avg } from 'drizzle-orm'

await db.select({ value: avg(users.id) }).from(users);
select avg("id") from "users";
// It's equivalent to writing
await db.select({ 
  value: sql`avg(${users.id})`.mapWith(String) 
}).from(users);

avgDistinct

返回 expression 中所有非空值的平均值(算术平均值)。

import { avgDistinct } from 'drizzle-orm'

await db.select({ value: avgDistinct(users.id) }).from(users);
select avg(distinct "id") from "users";
// It's equivalent to writing
await db.select({ 
  value: sql`avg(distinct ${users.id})`.mapWith(String) 
}).from(users);

sum

返回 expression 中所有非空值的总和。

import { sum } from 'drizzle-orm'

await db.select({ value: sum(users.id) }).from(users);
select sum("id") from "users";
// It's equivalent to writing
await db.select({ 
  value: sql`sum(${users.id})`.mapWith(String) 
}).from(users);

sumDistinct

返回 expression 中所有非空且非重复值的总和。

import { sumDistinct } from 'drizzle-orm'

await db.select({ value: sumDistinct(users.id) }).from(users);
select sum(distinct "id") from "users";
// It's equivalent to writing
await db.select({ 
  value: sql`sum(distinct ${users.id})`.mapWith(String) 
}).from(users);

max

返回 expression 中的最大值。

import { max } from 'drizzle-orm'

await db.select({ value: max(users.id) }).from(users);
select max("id") from "users";
// It's equivalent to writing
await db.select({ 
  value: sql`max(${expression})`.mapWith(users.id) 
}).from(users);

min

返回 expression 中的最小值。

import { min } from 'drizzle-orm'

await db.select({ value: min(users.id) }).from(users);
select min("id") from "users";
// It's equivalent to writing
await db.select({ 
  value: sql`min(${users.id})`.mapWith(users.id) 
}).from(users);

更高级的示例:

const orders = sqliteTable('order', {
  id: integer('id').primaryKey(),
  orderDate: integer('order_date', { mode: 'timestamp' }).notNull(),
  requiredDate: integer('required_date', { mode: 'timestamp' }).notNull(),
  shippedDate: integer('shipped_date', { mode: 'timestamp' }),
  shipVia: integer('ship_via').notNull(),
  freight: numeric('freight').notNull(),
  shipName: text('ship_name').notNull(),
  shipCity: text('ship_city').notNull(),
  shipRegion: text('ship_region'),
  shipPostalCode: text('ship_postal_code'),
  shipCountry: text('ship_country').notNull(),
  customerId: text('customer_id').notNull(),
  employeeId: integer('employee_id').notNull(),
});

const details = sqliteTable('order_detail', {
  unitPrice: numeric('unit_price').notNull(),
  quantity: integer('quantity').notNull(),
  discount: numeric('discount').notNull(),
  orderId: integer('order_id').notNull(),
  productId: integer('product_id').notNull(),
});


db
  .select({
    id: orders.id,
    shippedDate: orders.shippedDate,
    shipName: orders.shipName,
    shipCity: orders.shipCity,
    shipCountry: orders.shipCountry,
    productsCount: sql<number>`cast(count(${details.productId}) as int)`,
    quantitySum: sql<number>`sum(${details.quantity})`,
    totalPrice: sql<number>`sum(${details.quantity} * ${details.unitPrice})`,
  })
  .from(orders)
  .leftJoin(details, eq(orders.id, details.orderId))
  .groupBy(orders.id)
  .orderBy(asc(orders.id))
  .all();

$count

db.$count() is a utility wrapper of count(*), it is a very flexible operator which can be used as is or as a subquery, more details in our GitHub discussion.

const count = await db.$count(users);
//    ^? number

const count = await db.$count(users, eq(users.name, "Dan")); // works with filters
select count(*) from "users";
select count(*) from "users" where "name" = 'Dan';

It is exceptionally useful in subqueries:

const users = await db.select({
  ...users,
  postsCount: db.$count(posts, eq(posts.authorId, users.id)),
}).from(users);

usage example with relational queries

const users = await db.query.users.findMany({
  extras: {
    postsCount: db.$count(posts, eq(posts.authorId, users.id)),
  },
});

迭代器

MySQL
PostgreSQL[WIP]
SQLite[WIP]
SingleStore[WIP]

如果你需要从查询中返回大量行,并且你不想将它们全部加载到内存中,则可以使用 .iterator() 将查询转换为异步迭代器:

const iterator = await db.select().from(users).iterator();

for await (const row of iterator) {
  console.log(row);
}

它也适用于预处理语句:

const query = await db.select().from(users).prepare();
const iterator = await query.iterator();

for await (const row of iterator) {
  console.log(row);
}

使用索引

USE INDEX 提示建议优化器在处理查询时应考虑哪些索引。优化器不会强制使用这些索引,但如果它们适用,则会优先考虑它们。

MySQL
PostgreSQL
SQLite
SingleStore
export const users = mysqlTable('users', {
	id: int('id').primaryKey(),
	name: varchar('name', { length: 100 }).notNull(),
}, () => [usersTableNameIndex]);

const usersTableNameIndex = index('users_name_index').on(users.name);

await db.select()
  .from(users, { useIndex: usersTableNameIndex })
  .where(eq(users.name, 'David'));

你还可以在任何所需的连接中使用此选项。

await db.select()
  .from(users)
  .leftJoin(posts, eq(posts.userId, users.id), { useIndex: usersTableNameIndex })
  .where(eq(users.name, 'David'));

忽略索引

IGNORE INDEX 提示告诉优化器避免在查询中使用特定的索引。MySQL 将考虑所有其他索引(如果有),或在必要时执行全表扫描。

MySQL
PostgreSQL
SQLite
SingleStore
export const users = mysqlTable('users', {
	id: int('id').primaryKey(),
	name: varchar('name', { length: 100 }).notNull(),
}, () => [usersTableNameIndex]);

const usersTableNameIndex = index('users_name_index').on(users.name);

await db.select()
  .from(users, { ignoreIndex: usersTableNameIndex })
  .where(eq(users.name, 'David'));

你还可以在任何所需的连接中使用此选项。

await db.select()
  .from(users)
  .leftJoin(posts, eq(posts.userId, users.id), { useIndex: usersTableNameIndex })
  .where(eq(users.name, 'David'));

强制索引

FORCE INDEX 提示强制优化器使用指定的索引进行查询。如果指定的索引无法使用,MySQL 将不会回退到其他索引;它可能会改为进行全表扫描。

MySQL
PostgreSQL
SQLite
SingleStore
export const users = mysqlTable('users', {
	id: int('id').primaryKey(),
	name: varchar('name', { length: 100 }).notNull(),
}, () => [usersTableNameIndex]);

const usersTableNameIndex = index('users_name_index').on(users.name);

await db.select()
  .from(users, { forceIndex: usersTableNameIndex })
  .where(eq(users.name, 'David'));

你还可以在任何所需的连接中使用此选项。

await db.select()
  .from(users)
  .leftJoin(posts, eq(posts.userId, users.id), { useIndex: usersTableNameIndex })
  .where(eq(users.name, 'David'));